Photovoltaic (PV) technology is the foundation of modern solar energy. The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek word for light ("phos") and the unit of electrical potential ("volt"), named after physicist Alessandro Volta. PV cells are made from semiconductor materials — most commonly silicon — that generate an electric current when exposed to sunlight.
When photons from sunlight strike a PV cell, they knock electrons loose from atoms in the semiconductor material. This creates a flow of electricity known as direct current (DC). An inverter then converts this DC power into alternating current (AC) for use in your home.
PV cells are grouped together into modules (panels), and multiple panels form a solar array. Modern residential PV panels typically convert 18–22% of incoming sunlight into usable electricity, with premium monocrystalline panels reaching even higher efficiencies.
One of the greatest advantages of PV technology is its simplicity — there are no moving parts, minimal maintenance requirements, and panels can produce electricity reliably for 25–35 years. Whether installed on rooftops or ground-mounted, photovoltaic systems provide homeowners with a clean, renewable source of electricity that reduces utility bills and carbon emissions.